no shit

Campbell, Joseph
1968
The Hero With a Thousand Faces

Very wise: he doesn’t even get into a religious discussion. He says straight away, that what he writes about is true for all religions and myths at the same time.

Numbers in brackets: pages in pdf.

xxi
It is the purpose of the present book to uncover some of the truths disguised for us under the figures of religion and mythol­ogy by bringing together a multitude of not-too-difficult exam­ples and letting the ancient meaning become apparent of itself. The old teachers knew what they were saying. Once we have learned to read again their symbolic language, it requires no more than the talent of an anthologist to let their teaching be heard. But first we must learn the grammar of the symbols, and as a key to this mystery I know of no better modern tool than psychoanalysis.”

3
“It would not be too much to say that myth is the secret opening through which the inexhaustible energies of the cosmos pour into human cultural manifestation.”

13f
“He had converted a public event to personal gain, whereas the whole sense of his investi­ture as king had been that he was no longer a mere private person.”

14
“By the sacri­lege of the refusal of the rite, however, the individual [e.g. King Minos] cut himself as a unit off from the larger unit of the whole community: and so the One was broken into the many, and these then battled each other—each out for himself—and could be governed only by force.”

15
“The hero is the man of self-achieved submission.” -> See On The Waterfront, maybe it wasn’t religious after all?

“As Professor Arnold J. Toynbee indicates in his six-volume study of the laws of the rise and disintegration of civilizations, schism in the soul, schism in the body social, will not be resolved by any scheme of return to the good old days (archaism), or by programs guaranteed to render an ideal projected future (futurism), or even by the most realistic, hardheaded work to weld together again the deteriorat­ing elements. Only birth can conquer death—the birth, not of the old thing again, but of something new.
-> He talks about Nietzsche’s and Schumpeter’s creative destruction!

16
“In a word: the first work of the hero is to retreat from the world scene of secondary effects to those causal zones of the psyche where the difficulties really reside”

18
“Dream is the personalized myth, myth the depersonalized dream; both myth and dream are symbolic in the same general way of the dynamics of the psyche. But in the dream the forms are quirked by the peculiar troubles of the dreamer, whereas in myth the problems and solutions shown are directly valid for all mankind.”

“The [Australian Aranda] word altjira means: (a) a dream, (b) ancestor, beings who appear in the dream, (c) a story (Rôheim, The Eternal Ones of the Dream, pp. 210-211).”

30 (28)
“A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man.”

35 (33)
“As we soon shall see, whether presented in the vast, almost oceanic images of the Orient, in the vigorous narratives of the Greeks, or in the majestic legends of the Bible, the adventure of the hero normally follows the pattern of the nuclear unit above de­ scribed: a separation from the world, a penetration to some source of power, and a life-enhancing return.”

37f (35)
“The composite hero of the monomyth is a personage of exceptional gifts. Frequently he is honored by his society, frequently unrecognized or disdained. He and/or the world in which he finds himself suffers from a symbolical deficiency. In fairy tales this may be as slight as the lack of a certain golden ring, whereas in apocalyptic vision the physical and spiritual life of the whole earth can be represented as fallen, or on the point of falling, into ruin.
Typically, the hero of the fairy tale achieves a domestic, microcosmic triumph, and the hero of myth a world-historical, macrocosmic triumph. Whereas the former—the youngest or despised child who becomes the master of extraordinary powers—prevails over his personal oppressors, the latter brings back from his ad­ venture the means for the regeneration of his society as a whole.”
-> He distinguished two essential stories: fairytale and myth.

39
“The cosmogonic cycle is presented with astonishing consistency in the sacred writings of all the continents, and it gives to the adventure of the hero a new and interesting turn; for now it appears that the perilous journey was a labor not of attainment but of reattainment, not discovery but rediscovery. The godly powers sought and dangerously won are revealed to have been within the heart of the hero all the time. He is “the king’s son” who has come to know who he is and therewith has entered into the exercise of his proper power – “God’s son,” who has learned to know how much that title means. From this point of view the hero is symbolical of that divine creative and redemptive image which is hidden within us all, only waiting to be known and rendered into life.”

40 (37)
The effect of the successful adventure of the hero is the unlocking and release again of the flow of life into the body of the world. The miracle of this flow may be represented in physical terms as a circulation of food substance, dynamically as a streaming of energy, or spiritually as a manifestation of grace.”

44 (41)
“The World Navel, then, is ubiquitous. And since it is the source of all existence, it yields the world’s plenitude of both good and evil.”
-> God is in everything, in every blade of grass.

Sayre, Shay
King, Cynthia
2010
Entertainment and Society: Influences, Impacts, and Innovations

Some good quotes, but I don’t like the general lines and reasoning of the book.

Check out good Foreword by Jennings Bryant.

4f
Definition-entertainment:
“The word entertainment has a Latin root meaning “to hold the attention of,” or “agreeably diverting.” Over the years it has come to refer to a constructed product designed to stimulate a mass audience in an agreeable way in exchange for money. Entertainment can be a live or mediated experience that has been intentionally created, capitalized, promoted, maintained, and evolved. In other words, entertainment is created on purpose by someone for someone else. Entertainment is easily located, accessed, and consumed. And of course, entertainment is also attractive, stimulating, sensory, emotional, social, and moral to a mass audience.
And it is a business with specific components, as explained here. Entertainment may exist as a product, service, or experience. Entertainment products can be tickets to live performances and events; or they can be mediated programs and films that we receive in print or electronically. Television and movies are industries completely dedicated to creating entertainment as a product.
The travel and hospitality industries offer services to tourists and visitors; venues also offer services to audiences of sports, attractions, and activities. Services are designed to make entertainment pleasant for its consumers and audiences. What makes entertainment different than products and services is its experiential component. Unlike products and services, experiences are perishable—they last only as long as we are participating or watching—and intangible—they are of the moment and have ever-changing content.”
-> Even a book is an experience.

6
As a capitalist product, entertainment is developed to make money—there is always a bottom line to consider.

Entertainment is not [...] art, although it may aspire to and attain the level of art at times

“Entertainment’s four constituents are producers who understand the process of putting products together, creationists who are actively involved in creating a particular product, promoters who sell the products, and consumers who pay for entertainment’s many products, services, and experiences.”
-> Good intentions, but I don’t like this at all.

8
“Although the leisure triad [recreation, entertainment, amusement] is used in some industry categorization, a better way to view the entertainment industry is as being content-based. Entertainment content comes to audiences in three distinct ways: as live performance (theater, musical concerts), as media (movies and TV), and as interactive experiences (recreation, amusement parks, travel, and gaming). In this text, the term experience characterizes all forms of entertainment content.”

15
“We can experience entertainment in four ways—passively absorbing [passive entertainment], educational learning [educational entertainment], complete engagement [escapist entertainment], and esthetic appreciation [esthetic entertainment].”

16
“As a scarce resource, attention is the most sought-after commodity of entertainment marketers.”
-> There’s a logical problem here: economists see resources on the production side, not on the consumption side. Here, the producer would have to pay the consumer for his attention. Doesn’t make sense.

17
“If something is boring, we don’t pay attention to it. Entertainment captures attention. As a result, an attention economy is also an entertainment economy.”
-> Logic again. There are also other ways to capture attention. If you’re hungry, food captures your attention. If you’re broke, money does. Etc. This is not the way to prove we’re living in an entertainment economy!

26
“Marketing is the means by which the whole culture is searched for potential meanings that can be changed by entertainment into paid-for experiences.”
-> WHAT?

80
“Interesting experiences or information are often designed to make us think but, with entertaining experiences, a more significant emphasis seems to be placed on making us feel. And, to make us feel, entertainers create drama.”

“Drama is the driving force of many forms of entertainment. Genres such as suspense, tragedy, comedy, and mystery are typically considered to be specialized forms of drama. Although dramatic genres are traditionally associated with books, films, TV programs, and live performances, elements of drama can be found in most forms of entertainment, from video games and sporting events to music and dancing. Thus, it might be argued that good entertainment hinges on good drama.

82
“”To fully explore any issue, an author has to examine all possible solutions to that issue and make an argument to prove to an audience that the author’s way is best. If you leave out a part of that argument or diverge from the point, your story will have plot holes or inconsistencies. Once you have covered every angle in your argument, you’ve mapped all the ways an audience might look at that problem and, therefore, all the ways anyone might look at that problem. In short, you have created a map of the mind’s problem solving process.”
When a story fully develops this model of the mind, they call it a Grand Argument Story because it addresses the problem from all sides. Characters, plot, and theme are outlined as essential elements of the “story mind.”
He quotes from Melanie Phillips and Chris Huntley ~ Dramatica.

Vogel, Harold L.
2007
Entertainment Industry Economics: A Guide for Financial Analysis
Seventh Edition

xix
Definition-entertainment:
“the act of diverting, amusing, or causing someone’s time to pass agreeably; something that diverts, amuses, or occupies the attention agreeably.” From Webster’s Third New Unabridged International Dictionary, 1967.

Definition-entertainment:
Entertainment – the cause – is thus obversely defined through its effect: a satisfied and happy psychological state. Yet, somehow, it matters not whether the effect is achieved through active or passive means. Playing the piano can be just as pleasurable as playing the stereo.”

Definition-entertainment:
Entertainment indeed means so many different things to so many people that a manageable analysis requires sharper boundaries to be drawn. Such boundaries are here established by classifying entertainment activities into industry segments, that is, enterprises or organizations of significant size that have similar technological structures of production and that produce or supply goods, services, or sources of income that are substitutable.”
He defines entertainment from an industrial perspective.

4
Definition-entertainment:
“The concept of entertainment is thus subordinate to that of recreation: It is more specifically defined through its direct and primarily psychological and emotional effects.”

13
“As this post-war generation matures past its years of family formation and into years of peak earnings power and then retirement, spending may be naturally expected to collectively shift to areas such as casinos, cultural events, and tourism and travel, and away from areas that are usually of the greatest interest to people in their teens or early twenties.”

494
“[There] are several frequently observed industry characteristics.”

Many are called, but few are chosen: Perhaps the most noticeable tendency of entertainment businesses is that in the steady-state growth phase (i.e., after a segment has attained a size at which long-run domination by several large companies has been established), profits from a very few highly popular products are generally required to offset losses from many mediocrities.”

“Marketing expenditures per unit are proportionally large: [...]“

“Ancillary markets provide disproportionately large returns: [...]“

494f
Capital costs are relatively high; oligopolist tendencies are prevalent: As happens in many other industries, once beyond the very early stages of a segment’s development, the cost of capital and the amount of it required for operations becomes a formidable barrier to entry by new competitors. Most entertainment industry segments thus come to be ruled by large companies with relatively easy access to large pools of capital. Such oligopolistic tendencies can, for example, be seen in distribution of recorded music and movies, and in the gaming, theme park, cable, video game, and broadcasting industries.”

495
Public-good characteristics are often present: With pure public goods, the cost of production is independent of the number of consumers; that is, consumption by one person does not reduce the amount available for consumption by another. Although delivered to consumers in the form of private goods, many entertainment products and services, including movies, records, television programs, and sports contests, have public-good characteristics.”

Many products and services are not standardized (which is good for entrepreneurs and bad for relative-productivity gains): There are four important consequences of such nonstandardization:

  1. Despite the oligopolistic framework, there is considerable freedom for the entrepreneurial spirit to thrive. That is, operas, plays, movies, ballets, songs, and video games are uniquely produced and are normally originated by individuals working alone or in small groups and not by giant corporate committees. One can become rich and famous as a direct result of one’s own creative efforts.
  2. The entrepreneurial spirit and thus the importance of the individual to the productive process is accommodated by means of widely varying, and uniquely tailored, financing arrangements. This is especially evident in movies, recorded music, and sports. Option contracts are central.
  3. Where the production is the product itself (e.g., live performance of music or dance), it is difficult to enhance productivity. To some extent, this aspect also appears in areas as diverse as filmmaking, sports, and casino gaming.
  4. Under the aforementioned conditions, the costs of creating and marketing entertainment products such as movies and television programs tend to rise at above-average rates.
  5. Technological advances provide the saving grace: Fortunately, ongoing technological development makes it ever easier and less expensive to manufacture, distribute, and receive entertainment products and services.”

    New entertainment media tend not to render older ones extinct: New ways to deliver entertainment products and services are constantly evolving. Although introduction of new entertainment media may diminish the importance of existing forms, the older forms are rarely rendered extinct.
    -> Thesis

    496
    Entertainment products and services have universal appeal: Demand for entertainment cuts across all cultural and national boundaries

    501
    “Yet the industries are already quite mature in the United States, and expansion will increasingly be linked to the rate of growth of middle-class populations outside North America.”

Müller, Eggo
2009?
Not Only Entertainment: Studien zur Pragmatik und Ästhetik der Fernsehunterhaltung

There’s litle doubt about it that entertainment is changing in its nature. A framework like EA can only be of help then!
See also Müller, E ~ Unterhaltung im Zeitalter der Konvergenz.

5f
Wolf, M J ~ The Entertainment Economy (check out) argues that economy and culture are being ‘entertainmentized.’ Müller is sceptical, but gives lots of examples of people who agree and give examples about various areas where this seems to be true (p. 7).

8
“So gehen Diskussionen, wie sie unter anderen über die “Erlebnisgesellschaft” (Schulze 1992) oder über die so ge­ nannte “Erlebnisökonomie” (Pine/Gilmore 1999) geführt worden sind, im Kern um einen kulturellen Wandel, den ich mit Bezug auf Fern­sehen und Medien als die Aufwertung von Unterhaltung gegenüber anderen kulturellen Praktiken beschreibe.”

12
der Wandel der Bewertung von Unterhaltungskommunikation, wie er sich in den vergangenen Jahren im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs vollzogen hat, [kann] wohl als das deutlichste Indiz einer Aufwertung der Unterhaltung gelten.

14
“Diese Traditionen der Beschäftigung mit Medienunterhaltung hat Richard Dyer in seiner richtungsweisenden Essaysammlung Only Entertainment (1992) dahingehend kritisiert, dass sie, statt die spezifi­sche Qualität von Unterhaltung zu benennen und zu erforschen, Un­terhaltung als minderwertige Formen der Kunst oder der Information mit Blick auf ihre unterstelltermaßen ideologische oder manipulative Wirkung kritisieren. Selbst wenn Unterhaltung, wie auch Dyer (1992, 2) realistischer Weise unterstellt, ideologische Implikationen hat, so darf sie begrifflich doch nicht auf “Ideologie” reduziert werden. Zudem kann ihre spezifische Qualität nicht begriffen werden, wenn sie – wie Hügel (1993a, 125) dies in seiner Charakterisierung des Problems der Dichotomisierung von U- und E-Kultur formuliert­ – bloß als “‘missratene Ausgabe’ von Kunst” beschrieben wird.”

“Dyers Versuch, die Qualität von Unterhaltung als solcher zu be­ stimmen, ist Teil eines Umbruchs in der wissenschaftlichen Ausein­ andersetzung mit Unterhaltung, der sich seit Anfang der neunziger Jahre im Windschatten der internationalen Rezeption der British Cultural Studies und ihrer Theorien zur populären Kultur vollzogen hat. Dieser Umbruch lässt sich als “Umwertung der Unterhaltung” be­schreiben, nicht nur, weil nun die eigenständige Qualität von Unter­haltung zum Gegenstand der wissenschaftlichen Forschung wurde, sondern vor allem, weil die Bewertung von Phänomenen und Wirkun­gen der Unterhaltung vom Negativen ins Positive gewendet wurde.”

14-16
The academic understanding of ‘entertainment’ has changed in the wake of “British Cultural Studies.” He illustrates that by comparing the different editions of JH’s Key Concepts in Communication.

23 (he explains the concepts until p. 26)
“So richtet sich medienpsychologische und kommunikationswissenschaftliche Forschung vor allem auf das empirisch mess- oder er­ fragbare Unterhaltungserleben von Rezipienten, ohne dass die Qualität des ‘Stimulusmaterials’ näher in den Blick käme.”
He disagrees.
-> rezeptionsorientierte Perspektive

24
“Vielmehr lasse sich Unterhaltung, so wendet Vorderer gegen produktzentrierte Ansätze ein, allein aus Zuschauersicht fassen, als ein “Rezeptionsphänomen” (ebd., 548).” (Vorderer, 2004)

26
“Im Gegensatz zu den rezeptionsorientierten Ansätzen ist für kul­turwissenschaftliche Studien kennzeichnend, dass sie den Kern des Begriffs der Unterhaltung im historischen Charakter ihrer gesell­schaftlichen Institutionalisierung sehen.”
-> gegenstandsorientierte Perspektive

27
Definition-entertainment:
“entertainment is a type of performance pro­duced for profit , performed before a generalized audience (the public), by a trained, paid group who do nothing else but produce performances which have the sole (conscious) aim of providing pleasure. (1992, 17)” (Dyer, 1992)

“Diese historische Institutionalisierung der Unterhaltung hat Hans­ Otto Hügel (1987; 1993a; 2003b) in seinen Schriften als ihre “Eman­zipation” beschrieben und damit untermauert, dass Unterhaltung im modernen Sinne nicht nur eine unterhaltsame kulturelle Praktik ist, sondern dass diese sich im Laufe des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts als eigenständige Institution und kulturelle Praktik etabliert hat. Sie zeich­net sich deshalb durch spezifische soziale und mediale Kontexte, Pro­duktionsweisen, Gattungen und Genres aus ebenso wie durch spezif­ische Rezeptionserwartungen und -gewohnheiten.”
=> Entertainment is not JUST entertaining. It means something that we understand because we grew up using the word to describe something specific.
=> This understanding is changing. See Müller, E ~ Unterhaltung im Zeitalter der Konvergenz.

28
“Dieses Forschungsprogramm, das sich durch seine Akzentuierung der ästhetischen Qualität von Unterhaltung auch von Cultural Studies und ihrer Theorien der populären Kultur unterscheidet, stellt gleich­ sam den Gegenpol zu medienpsychologischen und kommunikations­wissenschaftlichen Ansätzen in der Unterhaltungsforschung dar.”
-> He argues that the historico-cultural approach cannot be unified with the medienpsychologisch and kommunikationswissenschaftlich approaches: “Unterhalt­samkeit hier, Unterhaltung da.”

29
Pragmatisch-ästhetischer Unterhaltungsbegriff: “Dabei rücke ich im Sinne der kultur­wissenschaftlichen Tradition Dyers und Hügels, jedoch im Gegensatz zu Früh und anderen kommunikationswissenschaftlichen oder medien­psychologischen Begriffen der Unterhaltung, die gesellschaftliche Institutionalisierung von Unterhaltung ins Zentrum. Nur so lässt sich vermeiden, dass alle mehr oder weniger als angenehm erfahrenen For­men des Zeitvertreibs mit Unterhaltung verwechselt werden, und nur so kann die historische Spezifik von Unterhaltung im Unterschied zu anderen kulturellen Praktiken gefasst werden.”
-> Entertainment is something specific and we know what it is. Not everything entertaining is entertainment, i.e. sex. And entertainment is entertainment, whether somebody is entertained by it or not. Even if somebody is not entertained by stand up comedy shows, the shows are still considered entertainment.

32f
Definition-entertainment:
“Unterhaltung wird in den hier versammelten Texten als kulturelle Praktik gefasst, die institutionell produziert und reproduziert wird und sich im Zusammenspiel von institutioneller Produktion, textueller Qualität und rezeptiver Situation aktualisiert. Für das konkrete Unterhaltungserleben ist kennzeichnend [,...] dass es von ästhetischer Art ist.”

37
Entertainment is “Not Only Entertainment,” because it is much more than that: it is cultural practice anchored in history. Did I get that right?

Christy Collis
Alan McKee
Ben Hamley
2010
Entertainment industries at university: Designing a curriculum

A theme here is the fight with humanities scholars for entertainment not to be seen as a derogative term. See p. 930.

921
Definition-entertainment:
“audience-centred commercial culture”

“‘because it [entertainment] is so easy to use the term, I don’t think we easily know what it means and involves’ (Dyer, 1992, ix)”

“‘considering the prominence of entertainment in our daily lives, it is perplexing that the academic effort to deal with this phenomenon has remained rather weak’ (Sayre, King, 2003, xviii)”

922
“Three years of research with entertainment industry professionals demonstrated that while work in each of the entertainment subsectors differed, the role of producer was constant across the entire industry. Entertainment producing is a largely intellectual role: it does not necessarily involve discrete technical skills such as camera-handling, singing or accountancy. Although their exact job titles differ from subsector to subsector (what is a ‘producer’ in television may be more like a ‘creative director’ in the theatre or an ‘executive’ in the pop music industry), entertainment producers across the entertainment industries are the people who make entertainment projects happen: the people who spot potential entertainment properties or ideas, understand potential audiences and audience research, develop creative projects, and assemble and manage production teams, while ensuring that the project works within legal boundaries, and that it makes money.”

“This is the point at which the practice of entertainment is most clearly differentiated from the practice of art. A guitar player might use similar skills to play on a piece of art music, or a piece of mainstream commercial entertainment. But the record industry executives working on those projects are likely to bring quite different perspectives and business models to the process. Indeed, we propose that the ‘producer’ category is a central defining feature of entertainment. Art can be created by an artist purely for the purpose of self-expression. Entertainment always has an audience in mind, and the question of how to make money from that audience to pay for the product is central to the development of all entertainment projects.”

Definition-entertainment:
“a ‘constructed product designed to stimulate a mass audience in an agreeable way in exchange for money’ (Sayre, King,2003, 1)”

924
“We have noticed with interest an emerging attention to particular entertainment products – particularly television programs – which have a clear author- Figure (Twin Peaks, The X-Files, The Sopranos, Buffy). But the vast majority of entertainment workers remain, to academic humanities study, faceless.”

925
“On one side of this divide are those who see tertiary education as focused on graduate employability and the application of learning to problems and situations beyond the university; on the other side are those who see tertiary education as focused on learning for learning’s sake.” Having to choose between the two is imho wrong.

930
“the fact that there exists no history of an academic discipline called ‘Entertainment’ also caused some concern that it did not exist as a coherent object for study. Our findings from research with industry partners are that this concern is not shared by those people working within the entertainment industries. Interestingly, this concern came only from within the Humanities – in faculties other than the Humanities – such as Business and Law – entertainment is firmly established as an object of study.”

“It seems that ‘critical’ means different things in different contexts; for some, ‘critical’ means ‘critical of entertainment’, while for others, ‘critical’ means ‘critical practitioners of entertainment’.”

930f
the concern was raised that everybody working in the entertainment industries must have a series of technical skills, and that there are no generic ‘producing’ skills across the industries. Again, our research with industry partners showed that this is not the case. For entertainment producers, the intellectual work of balancing creative, business, and legal perspectives in the creation of audience-centred culture is their core generic skill.”

Hudson, Simon
Hudson, David
2006
Branded Entertainment: A New Advertising Technique or Product Placement in Disguise?

492
Definition-branded entertainment:
“the integration of advertising into entertainment content, whereby brands are embedded into storylines of a film, television program, or other entertainment medium. This involves co-creation and collaboration between entertainment, media and brands.”

Lee, Elan
08.08.2007
LIFE – If You’re Bored You’re Doing it Wrong (13.11.2010)

Lee explains EDOC Laundry.

Wasko, Janet
1994
Hollywood in the Information Age: Beyond the Silver Screen

Describes the history of change in Hollywood?

2
“the business of entertainment is often not considered serious business by economists and other proponents of an information age.”
“On the other hand, technological components or economic characteristics of entertainment are less important to many media scholars or cultural analysts, who are more interested in studying entertainment products as texts or measuring audiences or the effects of entertainment messages, thus missing the possible connections to fundamental components of this (supposedly) new technological era.”

4
Hollywood has a reputation of being technologically backward.

6
“this book will present a political economic analysis of Hollywood and the latest technologies.”
Chapter 2 will consider historical treatments of Hollywood and technology, with a brief discussion of specific periods of technological development in film history.
Chapter 3 presents an overview of some of the technological developments in the production of motion pictures, while
chapter 4 details the activities of the dominant Hollywood corporations that link film production with distribution.
Major outlets for the distribution of Hollywood products are considered in the following chapters:
cable (chapter 5),
home video (chapter 6),
and theatrical exhibition (chapter 7).
Hollywood’s marketing and merchandising strategies are detailed in chapter 8,
while global activities are outlined in chapter 9.
Based on these discussions, conclusions will be offered in chapter 10.”

18
“Studying film for film’s sake – A good portion of the academic study of film typically has been insular and self-contained, with little regard to interrelationships between media or media and social context.” She references Thomas H. Guback, 1978, Are we looking at the right things in films?; paper from society for cinema studies conference, philadelpia, penn.

245
“the potential of video, cable and satellite technologies have been developed with profit, rather than expanded communication and/or enlightenment, in mind. In other words, the film industry’s primary motivation has to do with profits, not necessarily with film.”

246
“the dominant use of these new media forms [the ones she talks about throughout the book: VHS, cable, satellite, laser disc, etc.] is entertainment. No, nothing against a good laugh, a good cry, a mindless romp through outer space. The point, again, is that we were promised so much more.”

249-252
3 myths were introduced in chapter 1: the information age (as any other new technology/age before it) promises to bring along

  1. more competition -> indies will get their chance
  2. industrial conflict -> there is still such a thing as a ‘film industry’
  3. more diversity -> more kinds of content will be created

This book showed that all 3 myths are untrue. Hollywood is as dominant es ever. Hollywood is an integrated business, they are not ‘just’ filmmakers. We experience ‘recycled culture’; more outlets simply reair the same existing content.

250f
“Indeed, there are differences in the essences of these various media, as Marshall McLuhan and Harold Innis showed us in their work.
Yet these differences are breaking down and it might behoove us to think in terms of transindustrial activities, emphasizing the overlapping strategies of a relatively few corporations producing and distributing entertainment and cultural products. Again, we might also revisit the notion of a culture industry, as depicted by the Frankfurt School theorists in the 1930s.”
=> chapter transmedia lit review, from an industrial (not content) perspective.

254
“It remains to be seen if the public will ever be offered anything really new or challenging from future technological developments or other industrial changes. But it also remains to be seen how the public ultimately will respond.” => new things HAVE come (The Beast), the public IS responding, EA hopes to unify these two.

Müller, Eggo
2009
Unterhaltung im Zeitalter der Konvergenz

Entertainment = Unterhaltung

220
“Unterhaltung is [...] historisch bestimmt.” According to Hügel.
-> the word “entertainment” means something -> because of history
-> will the word survive, but the meaning be entirely different?
-> will entertainment (in our historical sense) disappear?
-> or will the word itself disappear?
=> I think youth will appropriate it.

222
“Dabei soll das Konzept der Convergence Culture, wie es Henry Jenkins (2006) expliziert hat, den Ausgangspunkt für meine Erörterung der Frage bilden, was es für >unsere< Unterhaltungskultur bedeutet, wenn sich Unterhaltung nach ihrer Emanzipation zur eigenständigen kulturellen Institution nicht nur mehr und mehr entgrenzt, sondern wenn sich mit jüngsten technologischen Transformationen der Medien und dem Entstehen von >Kulturen der Konvergenz< jene spezifischen Produktions-, Distributions- und Rezeptionsverhältnisse verändern, die die Emanzipation der Unterhaltung im 19. Jahrhundert und ihre kulturelle Dominanz im 20. Jahrhundert erst ermöglicht haben.”

223
“Bekanntlich ist die historische Entwicklung der Unterhaltung nicht denkbar
ohne das Entstehen der Massenmedien mit den ihnen eigenen Merkmalen
der Arbeitsteilung, wie sie für moderne Industriegesellschaften charakteristisch
sind (MAASE 1997). Nicht nur in der Sphäre der gesellschaftlichen Produktion, auch in der Sphäre ihrer kulturellen Reproduktion ist die Trennung in Produzenten und Konsumenten bestimmend für den Charakter kulturellen Austauschs von Unterhaltung als Produkt, das durch professionelle Unterhaltungsmacher für ein breites Publikum hergestellt wird und das auf dem Markt der Unterhaltung als Ware zum Konsum angeboten wird. Dass Unterhaltung als Ware gehandelt und konsumiert werden konnte, hat zu ihrer historischen Stabilisierung als kultureller Form beigetragen, wie die >Ware< Unterhaltung als kulturelle Form sicherlich auch wesentlich zum Erfolg der technischen Massenmedien im 20. Jahrhundert und insbesondere zum Erfolg des Fernsehens als der Inkarnation des Unterhaltungsmediums (vgl. MÜLLER-SACHSSE 1981) beigetragen hat."
"Die Konvergenz der Medien impliziert vor allem eine Neudefinition des Verhältnisses zwischen den Sphären der Produktion und der Rezeption (vgl. MÜLLER 2oo9a).”

225
Unterhaltung lässt sich, so lautet ein weiterer Lehrsatz aus der ersten Lektion im Hügel’schen Propädeutikum zur Theorie und Geschichte dieser besonderen kulturellen Form, nur »als Prozess, als Vorgang oder als Beziehung « fassen (1993a: 121)”

226
im Unterschied zu bloßer Zerstreuung [ ... ] erlebt der Unterhaltende sich jedoch als anwesend; er braucht zwar kein Engagement aufzubringen, läßt aber die Möglichkeit zu, dass die Unterhaltung ihm etwas sagt« (HÜGEL 1993: 137f.).”

228
“Ich will [...] fragen, welcher Art der Prozess respektive die Beziehung ist, die YouTube bei denjenigen >usern< initiiert, die aktiv am Online-Video-Sharing teilhaben.”

229
YouTube-Clips beanspruchen demnach nicht, abgeschlossene ästhetische >Schöpfungen< unbekannter >Autoren< zu sein; sie stellen vielmehr Beiträge durchschnittlicher >user< dar, die einen Baustein zum kollektiven kreativen oder diskursiven Prozess beitragen: YouTube erscheint in dieser Perspektive als ein Universum unendlicher Texte, die niemals abgeschlossen sind, sondern immer wieder umgeschrieben, neu arrangiert und montiert, redigiert und ergänzt, verzerrt oder verstümmelt, wiederholt, widerlegt und fortgeschrieben werden."

230
"Partizipation [ist] die raison d’être von YouTube”

234
“Beispiele hierfür sind Formen, die in der anglo-amerikanischen Literatur als »enhanced television« (VAN VLIET 2001), als »overflow television« (BROOKER 2001) oder als »engagement television« (ASKWITH 2007) beschrieben worden sind.” -> Transmedia storytelling with traditional medium (TV) in mind -> not “native” transmedia storytelling.

234f
Es ist vor allem die Frage, ob damit zugleich auch grundsätzliche neue Formen kommunikativer Beziehungen dominant werden, die an die Stelle der Beziehung der Unterhaltung treten werden. Derzeit scheint mehr darauf hinzudeuten, dass Unterhaltung sich auch im Web 2.0 neben anderen kommunikativen Praktiken einen platz erobern wird und damit auch neue Formen der Partizipation prägen wird. Ob und wie das den Charakter der Unterhaltung wie den der Partizipation verändern wird, bleibt abzuwarten.

235
“Ende der >Epoche der Unterhaltung<"
-> possible -> in the sense that entertainment will change so much that we can’t call it entertainment (in our sense of the word) anymore